丹顶鹤与白枕鹤的领域比较

有７种濒危鹤类受到现代人的威胁［２０］,丹顶鹤（Ｇｒｕｓｊａｐｏｎｅｎｓｉｓ）和白枕鹤（Ｇｒｕｓｖｉｐｉｏ）是其中两种,分别为我国的Ⅰ、Ⅱ级保护动物。在中国丹顶鹤主要在黑龙江省的乌裕尔河下游和三江平原等地繁殖,数量在４８２～５０２之间［７］。吉林省的向海也有４０余只繁殖鹤［８,９］。它们在长江中下游的江苏盐城、高邮湖、洪泽湖,安徽省的城东湖、石臼湖、菜子湖越冬［５］。白枕鹤繁殖区在中国东北的乌裕尔河下游、向海、达里诺尔湖以及乌苏里江以东俄罗斯的沿海边区［２０］。我国已知的繁殖区内数量不多［１］,…     

黑颈鹤(Grus nigricolus)种群生态及濒危等级评估

黑颈鹤的种群总量有５０００～６０００只个体,主要分布在青藏高原和云贵高原,分布区约２２×１０５ｋｍ２,占有面积约５４００ｋｍ２。青藏高原北部和西部为其繁殖区,越冬区主要在雅鲁藏布江河谷中段、喜马拉雅山脉南坡及云贵高原部分区域,青藏高原东部为其迁徙途径之地。越冬时以家族、同种群及混合群（主要与灰鹤Ｇｒｕｓｇｒｕｓ和斑头雁Ａｎｓｅｒｉｎｄｉｃｕｓ）形式集群活动。繁殖期分化为非繁殖群和繁殖对（Ｂｒｅｄｉｎｇｐａｉｒ）两种类型。繁殖对能否成功地占有领域是繁殖成败的关键。笔者认为该物种依ＩＵＣＮ（１９９４）标准应列为易危级（Ｖｕｌｎｅｒａｂｌｅ,ＶＵ）     

丹顶鹤性活动的声行为研究

丹顶鹤繁殖期的性活动可分为雄鹤求偶、雌鹤对雄性求偶的应答、两性交配和交配完结4个阶段,其相应的鸣声模式分别为雄性的求偶鸣声、雌性对雄性求偶的应答声和两性的对鸣声、两性对唱的交配声和两性的高声合唱。4个阶段鸣声都是以基本音的主频率(PF)为主音的单音调声,前3个阶段都带数个近似fn=nf0(f0=FP)关系的低幅值谐频成分。第4个阶段带数个近似fn=nf0(f0=FP)关系的高幅值谐频成分;品质因数(Q3dB)多半为4～6,声脉冲重复频率(RFP)一般为150～180Hz,而第2阶段声的RFP一般为180～260Hz。雄性鸣声的每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较少,一般不超过4个;而雌性鸣声比较复杂。每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较多,一般都在7～8个以上;但雌雄鸣声的每个音节都是由3个声脉冲组成。雄鹤鸣唱声频率变化范围较小,而雌鹤鸣唱声频率变化形式是由低到高达到高峰后又开始下降。4个阶段的鸣声都具有较好共鸣。只有第2阶段发声运动较快。而且发现雄鹤鸣唱单次鸣叫声的音节数“增多”。各阶段鸣声特性均存在差异,不同配偶间均存在显著差异,研究结果表明丹顶鹤雌雄都具有不同的鸣声,且其性活动过程中不同的鸣声行为具有较高的个体识别信号潜能。另外,求偶鸣叫声和求偶应答与对鸣声在性活动鸣声中起着决定性的作用。     

The spatial–temporal pattern changes of the red crowned crane (Grus japonensis) population in Zhalong NNR and the related driving forces

Understanding spatio-temporal distribution patterns of a species is essential to successful species and habitat conservation. The fluctuations of the red crowned crane population were studied after collecting the data about breeding red-crown cranes from Zhalong National Natural Reserve (Zhalong NNR) since 1981; and their spatial distribution patterns were also quantified in variant time periods with the method nearest neighbor analysis (NNA); the main factors leading to the dynamics of the bird population were analyzed. The results showed the red-crown crane population had fluctuated dramatically from 1981 to 2005. The number dropped rapidly to the minimum of the bird population to endanger the existence of the population by the year of 2005. And the spatial distribution pattern changed from uniform distribution to aggregated distribution during 1996–2005. These changes reflected that the distributions of habitats had undergone a process of fragmentation, and the area of the suitable habitats suffered such a continuous loss that there were insufficient habitats to sustain the bird population any more. And consequently, the decline of the bird population occurred. The wildfire and the anthropogenic activities were the driving forces which accounted for the degradation of the habitats and hereafter the fluctuations of the red-crown population.     

年龄、集群、生境及天气对鄱阳湖白鹤越冬期日间行为模式的影响

于2012年1—3月和2012年12—2013年3月,采用瞬时扫描法研究了鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区越冬白鹤(Grusleucogeranus)的昼间时间分配模式和日活动节律,分析了年龄、集群大小、生境类型和天气对白鹤越冬行为的影响。结果表明,白鹤越冬期的主要行为有觅食、警戒、理羽、游走、休息和争斗。其中,觅食是鄱阳湖越冬白鹤主要行为,占其昼间活动时间的82.94%;警戒占11.94%,理羽占3.52%,游走占1.88%,休息占0.15%,争斗占0.02%。白鹤在越冬期间的觅食、游走、休息和争斗行为存在明显的昼间节律性,其中游走、觅食和争斗行为在每天的上午和下午各存在1个高峰,休息行为在中午出现一个高峰;警戒和理羽行为则没有显著的昼间节律变化。年龄、集群大小、天气和生境对白鹤的越冬行为具有显著的影响:幼鹤取食的时间显著多于成鹤,而警戒时间则显著的小于成鹤;与家庭群中的个体相比,集体群中的个体取食和争斗时间显著增加,警戒时间显著减少;在天气晴朗时,白鹤的警戒时间显著大于阴天的警戒时间,取食时间则显著少于阴天时白鹤的取食时间;白鹤在大风天气显著增加理羽行为;在有雾的天气会显著增加取食时间,减少警戒时间。在草洲和浅水两种生境中,白鹤的游走和理羽行为存在显著差异,而觅食和警戒行为没有显著的差异,这可能源于草洲和浅水生境相互毗邻,并且具有相同程度的人为干扰。GLM分析结果表明,年龄和集群大小、年龄和生境、集群大小和天气、集群大小和生境、天气和生境对白鹤昼间时间分配模式的影响存在显著交互效应。     

灰鹤消化系统的形态学观察

本文对灰鹤的消化系统进行了大体解剖和形态学观察,结果表明灰鹤具有发达的舌、小肠、肝脏和胰脏;相对发达的盲肠;但嗉囊不甚发达。     

无人机调查白鹤种群数量和越冬分布

白鹤(Leucogeranus Leucogeranus)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,唯一一种极度濒危(CR)鹤类,分布和种群数量是评估其濒危程度的重要参数。无人机调查作为目前生态学研究的一个重要调查方法,为查明白鹤的越冬分布、种群数量及幼鸟比例,于2022年1月使用地面监测结合无人机调查的方法在江西、山东、安徽、湖南、湖北等地的湖泊和农田中开展越冬白鹤调查。野外调查共记录白鹤5607只,网络信息检索在调查区域外的8个地点记录白鹤9只,合计记录越冬白鹤5616只。其中江西鄱阳湖记录到越冬白鹤4813只,占总数的85.7%,主要分布在康山垦殖场、五星垦殖场和成新垦殖场;山东黄河三角洲记录到越冬白鹤625只,占总数的11.1%。安徽、湖南、湖北分别记录到越冬白鹤34,63和72只。对部分群体的白鹤幼鸟数量进行统计,4680只白鹤中,记录到幼鸟674只,幼鸟比例为14.4%,其中湖南越冬白鹤幼鸟比例最高,达28.6%,山东越冬白鹤幼鸟比例最低,为11.5%。调查刷新了白鹤种群数量,证实了山东黄河三角洲是目前除江西鄱阳湖外最重要的白鹤越冬地,缓解了白鹤越冬期过度集中的压力。基于本研究结果,我们...     

耦合种群动态的生境格局变化分析粒度与景观因子选择——以盐城越冬丹顶鹤及其生境的变化为例

选择盐城珍禽国家级自然保护区,以丹顶鹤越冬生境景观与种群动态这一格局-过程关系为切入点,尝试从丹顶鹤最小存活面积特征与种群动态视角探讨一下最佳粒度、景观格局变化分析的指数遴选方法。结果发现:根据丹顶鹤最小生存面积确定200m为最大转换粒度,综合景观指数随空间粒度变化的规律和粒度转换精度损失评价的结果,确定最佳分析粒度为70m。在众多景观因子中,运用Spearman秩相关分析,再利用逐步回归分析建立起景观与丹顶鹤数量指标间的联系,最终筛选出反映景观面积(CA)和空间格局(IJI,ENN_MN)的3种影响显著景观因子,其解释贡献率(累计R2)达到70.5%,且其所代表的生境景观的组成和结构信息较为客观地反映出研究区丹顶鹤种群动态分布的显示状态。与纯粹的景观指数分析相比,这种方法更能反应景观格局演变特征的特定生态学意义。     

Advances in ecological studies of epiphytes using canopy cranes

Forest canopies are one of the most species-rich habitats, but among the least explored in the biosphere. They play a crucial role in the process of material and energy exchange between the forest and atmosphere. Individual ecosystem members (e.g., epiphytes) and the ecological function of canopies have been given insufficient attention because of inaccessibility. Canopy cranes have been successfully used to guarantee non-destructive and reiterated sampling of epiphytes, thus offering a top-down perspective of the entire canopy. These cranes have become the symbol of canopy research and enable epiphyte research. Globally, western developed countries have conducted many studies of diversity and spatial distributions of epiphytes using canopy cranes, thus accumulating an abundance of valuable results. This review summarizes the structure, development history, and distribution of canopy cranes as well as general information about international canopy research organizations. Ecological studies of epiphytes performed around the world using these canopy cranes are also reviewed. Additionally, the development of canopy ecology and the construction of canopy cranes in China are introduced briefly. In analyzing current research trends in ecological studies of epiphytes in China and globally, the following aspects were considered: biodiversity, spatial patterns and maintenance mechanisms, ecological adaptations of epiphytes, their relationship with canopy animals, and their responses to climate change.